To date, no study has examined this association among women of comparable age, who are generally more likely to experience depression. low optimism predicted a lower cumulative incidence of depressive symptoms over 15 years of follow-up, after detailed control for confounding. Among 464 elderly men (mean age 70.8 years), high vs. Three were based on the same adult population (mean age 44 years) of the Finnish Public Sector Study, showing high optimism to be associated with significantly lower risk of depressive disorder, work disability due to depression, and starting antidepressant medication treatment. To date, four prospective studies have assessed the association between dispositional optimism and incident depression. Optimism can be enhanced via training thus, it is a modifiable factor that may help to prevent depression.ĭespite a large body of literature on the association of dispositional optimism and depression-related outcomes, evidence from longitudinal studies with detailed confounder adjustment remains scarce. Optimism is strongly related to four of the Big Five factors of personality, with neuroticism and extraversion explaining by far the largest proportion of variance in optimism compared to agreeableness and conscientiousness. Individuals with higher dispositional optimism-i.e., high expectations for positive outcomes in the future and low expectations for negative events -experience significantly lower risk of depression and related outcomes, partially explained by better coping, receiving more social support and a healthier lifestyle. Because of its high societal burden, lifelong nature, difficulties in detection and treatment, and association with adverse health outcomes (e.g., cardiovascular disease ), prevention should be given top priority. Of these, 80% have another episode, and 25% develop chronic symptoms (≥ 2 years), often remaining undetected and untreated. One in five individuals experience at least one major depressive episode in their lifetime. As social and behavioral factors only explained a small proportion of the association, future research should investigate other potential pathways, such as coping strategies, that may relate optimism to depression risk. Stratified analyses by baseline depressive symptoms, age, race, and birth region revealed comparable estimates, while mediators (emotional support, social network size, healthy lifestyle), when combined, explained approximately 10% of the optimism-depression association. When applying a more restrictive definition for clinical depression, the association was considerably attenuated (every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 6% (95%CI = 2–10%-) lower depression risk. bottom quartile) had a 27% (95%CI = 19–34%) lower risk of depression. Every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 15% (95%CI = 12–18%) lower depression risk. In multivariable-adjusted models, women with greater optimism (top vs. In sensitivity analyses we explored more restrictive definitions of depression, potential mediators, and moderators. Age- and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) across optimism quartiles and for a 1-standard deviation ( SD) increment of the optimism score. We defined depression as either having a physician/clinician-diagnosed depression, or regularly using antidepressants, or the presence of severe depressive symptoms using validated self-reported scales. In the Nurses´ Health Study (n = 33,483), we examined associations between dispositional optimism and depression risk in women aged 57–85 ( mean = 69.9, SD = 6.8), with 4,051 cases of incident depression and 10 years of follow-up (2004–2014). Dispositional optimism is a potentially modifiable factor and has been associated with multiple physical health outcomes, but its relationship with depression, especially later in life, remains unclear.
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